Rollups have emerged as a key player for web3 enterprises and businesses seeking scalable solutions. Initially, the buzz was all about Optimistic rollups, but with time, ZK rollups  also became the preferred choice for projects. Speaking of the current situation, both the ZK rollups and Optimistic rollups chains are soaring, and good demand for them has been anticipated. Now, apparently, this raises a valid question: Optimistic Vs. ZK Rollups

Which is more feasible for dApps? Optimistic Rollups or Zero Knowledge Rollups? Let’s dive deeper to  to guide you towards an informed decision about the rollup technology that best aligns with your needs.

Optimistic Vs. ZK Rollups: The Working Mechanism

Optimistic Rollups 

As the name suggests, Optimistic rollups are optimistic about the state of every transaction by default. Hence, they don’t publish validity proofs for off-chain transactions when submitting batches to the mainnet as calldata. 

Instead, they implement a ‘challenge period’ for anyone monitoring the rollup to submit a fraud-proof within that time window. If the fraud-proof is found to be true, the roll-up sequencer nodes re-execute the wrong transactions and update the block. 

The sequencer who has added the wrongly executed transaction in the block receives a penalty. But if the blocks remain unchallenged, then after the dispute window is over, transactions are accepted on Ethereum.

Read more on Optimistic Rollups and how low-cost and scalable applications are built using it.

Optimism and Arbitrum are currently the two popular Optimistic rollups. In Optimism, the fraud-proof mechanism is under development, so the user needs to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots. In Arbitrum, fraud-proof works, but challenges can only be initiated by a member of the whitelisted validator set.

Zero-knowledge or ZK Rollups

ZK rollups are an L2 scaling solution where the sequencer nodes publish the summary of state changes along with the zero-knowledge based validity proofs of executed transactions to L1 smart contracts rather than posting the transaction data on the main chain.

The submitted zkSNARK or zkSTARK validity proofs are significantly lighter compared transaction data, hence they consume very minimal space and are quicker & cheaper to verify. These validity proofs by the zkRollups nodes for every block are a cryptographic assurance that the state roots proposed by the sequencers result from executing those given batches of transactions. This allows anyone to reconstruct the rollup’s state independently. 

In zkRollup, users can withdraw their funds immediately on L1 once the zkRollup contract verifies the validity proof. 

Learn more on Scaling your dApps with the power of zkRollups

Two of the most popular zkRollup public chains currently are Polygon zkEVM and zkSync Era. Both are a Stage0 rollup and could be used for universal use cases. While Polygon zkEVM uses a zkSNARK to ensure state correctness, the zkSync Era uses PLONKs for state validation. 

Key things to consider before choosing between Optimistic Vs. ZK Rollups:  A detailed breakdown 

Now that we know the basics of Optimistic and Zero-knowledge rollups, let’s jump into a detailed comparative analysis of parameters one needs to consider before choosing one for your dApps:

1. Security and Risk 

In Optimistic rollups, the mechanism of fraud-proofs and economic incentives to the sequencers ensures that only valid transactions are added to the blocks. With at least one honest validator, users are guaranteed that the correct rollup state root will eventually be published on L1. This is because once a node challenges the state root, the transaction is re-executed on Ethereum. But if all the sequencer nodes are corrupt, funds can be stolen simply by not initiating any challenge.   

For zkRollups, the dependence on honest sequencers is not there as the validity proofs are submitted along with each batch of transactions. A malicious operator must find and exploit a soundness bug in the audited proof system to forge a validity proof and steal funds. This is a near-impossible task, and that’s the big difference between a permissioned fraud-proof and a permissioned ZKP. But, most of the sequencers nowadays are centralized, hence computing such sophisticated ZK proofs decentrally can be costly. This is a concern from the aspects of decentralization because transaction ordering and execution are handled by a handful of nodes. However, such challenges can be easily tracked through decentralized sequencers, which also enables high-level modularity in rollups. Want to know more about decentralized sequencers? Check out this detailed guide.

2. Transaction Finality and Transaction Confirmation

Optimistic rollups increase transaction throughput with off-chain transactions. Here, a transaction is considered confirmed once it’s included in a rollup block.  However, this confirmation does not immediately equate to finality because of the challenge window(around a week). Finality is only achieved after this dispute period ends without challenges. So, the confirmation is achieved on the rollup chain, and the finality is achieved in the L1 after the challenge period is over. The withdrawal of assets is possible only after this time period, but you can use these assets on the L2 chain for further transactions as the new state is already acknowledged there. This is significant and makes it appealing for a range of use cases in DeFi, trading or similar activities. 

In zkRollups, the transaction finality is faster since there’s no concept of challenge period. Thus, assets can be withdrawn instantly. But the transaction confirmation is relatively slower in the zkRollup chain (L2) because of the time taken to batch transactions, generate zero-knowledge proofs, and submit this data to L1. However, once the proof is generated and submitted to the Ethereum mainnet, the transactions are considered final immediately upon confirmation on Ethereum, as there’s cryptographic certainty about their validity.

3. Transaction Cost 

Optimistic Rollups typically have lower computational requirements compared to ZK Rollups, as they don’t need complex cryptographic proofs for transaction validation. This aspect helps in reducing the computation costs. However, they incur higher costs due to their way of interaction with the Ethereum mainnet. Since Optimistic Rollups post all transaction data on Layer 1 and require a dispute period to ensure transaction validity, this can increase the costs associated with transaction processing. Despite this, their approach of publishing minimal data on Ethereum and avoiding proof requirements for transactions unless specifically challenged, coupled with support from protocols like EIP-4844, contributes to cost efficiency in Optimistic Rollups.

ZK Rollups, on the other hand, involve more off-chain computation for generating cryptographic proofs, which traditionally required significant computational resources and potentially specialized hardware. However, recent advancements in ZK Rollups have been focusing on improving the computation efficiency while reducing costs. Innovations such as recursive proof composition and batching proofs have been developed to decrease the number of necessary elliptic curve operations, polynomial commitment schemes, etc- thus reducing the computational burden. Moreover, the evolution of ZK Rollup platforms like zkSync Era and Polygon zkEVM highlights advancements in data compression and efficiency. These platforms are working towards reducing computational requirements, a key factor in making ZK Rollups more cost-effective and accessible for broader use. 

4. EVM Compatibility

For Optimistic Rollups, a key advantage was their direct compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Being EVM-compatible means they support the EVM at the bytecode level. This compatibility offers significant benefits for developers, as it allows the migration of existing Ethereum smart contracts to Optimistic Rollup chains with minimal code modifications, saving significant development time. This enables the use of Ethereum’s extensive infrastructure, including programming languages, libraries, testing tools, and deployment systems. This established tooling has undergone extensive audits and improvements, making the development process more reliable and easier to adapt to, thereby lowering entry barriers.

On the other side, ZK Rollups historically faced challenges with EVM compatibility, but recent advancements in zkEVMs have marked a significant shift. These modern ZK Rollups are not just EVM-compatible but aim for EVM equivalence, ensuring that applications, tools, and infrastructure built on Ethereum can seamlessly port over with little to no changes. Polygon  zkEVM, for example, focuses on achieving EVM Equivalence, which facilitates immediate and efficient integration of Ethereum-based applications and tools, ensuring compatibility and ease of use from day one.This advancement significantly enhances the accessibility and applicability of ZK rollups, making them easily integrable within the broader Ethereum ecosystem.

5. Privacy

In Optimistic Rollups, privacy is relatively limited. Transactions and signatures are visible on the rollup layer and subsequently on the main Ethereum chain. This visibility allows the transactions to be traced back to user addresses. The inherent transparency in Optimistic Rollups, necessary for their security model, thus compromises privacy to some extent.

ZK Rollups on the other hand makes the user’s privacy better by utilizing zero-knowledge proofs(ZKPs). These proofs enable the concealment of transaction details, ensuring that only the involved parties are aware of the transaction specifics. The broader public, including those operating nodes, cannot link the transactions to specific user addresses. While more private than Optimistic Rollups, it’s important to recognize that privacy levels in ZK Rollups can vary. Some ZK Rollup solutions may offer less privacy in certain configurations, especially in public implementations where transaction visibility is necessary for operational transparency. Nonetheless, for applications where privacy is a priority, ZK Rollups generally offer a more suitable solution compared to Optimistic Rollups.

A TL, DR: 

parameters	Optimistic Rollups	ZK Rollups
Mechanism	Optimistic about the state of every transaction. Rely on a challenge period for fraud-proof.	Publish summary of state changes with validity proofs. No need for actual transaction details, hence “Zero-knowledge”.
Cost	Lower computational requirements; higher costs due to interaction with Ethereum mainnet. Support from protocols like EIP-4844 helps in cost efficiency.	Higher off-chain computation for generating cryptographic proofs. Recent advances have improved efficiency and reduced costs.
Security	Fraud-proofs and economic incentives ensure valid transactions. Reliant on having at least one honest validator.	Relies on cryptographic validity proofs for each transaction batch, reducing dependence on honest sequencers. Nearly impossible to forge proofs.
Finality	Faster confirmations but finality achieved only after the dispute period (about a week).	Faster finality, as transactions are immediately final upon confirmation on Ethereum. Slower transaction confirmation on L2.
EVM Compatibility	Direct compatibility with EVM, allowing easy migration of existing Ethereum smart contracts with minimal modifications.	Historically faced challenges, but recent zkEVMs are aiming for EVM equivalence, making integration of Ethereum-based applications more seamless.
Privacy	Limited privacy; transactions and signatures visible on rollup layer and Ethereum chain.	Enhances privacy using zero-knowledge proofs that conceal transaction details, making them more private than Optimistic Rollups.

Launch your Optimistic & zkRollups quickly with Zeeve

If you’ve already planned to launch a scalable dApp, your next move is to pick the best rollup solution. Like we talked, there are public Rollup chains such as Optimism, Arbitrum, Polygon zkEVM, and zkSync Era, which offer a reliable ecosystem to launch Optimistic and ZK options. Also, there are tools like OP Stack, zkStack, and Polygon CDK that allow you to launch your own custom superchain, hyperchains, and CDK chains, respectively. The right scaling solution depends on what your dApp needs in terms of scalability, customization, and flexibility. No matter which solution you lean towards for your app, Zeeve can hook you up with the comprehensive stack you need for lower cost and faster time-to-market.

You can get your hands on public mainnet nodes like Optimism, Arbitrum, Polygon zkEVM, and zkSync Era, and also tap into OP stack, Polygon CDK, zkSync rollups, Arbitrum Orbit, and OP Stack with simple, automated, no-code sandbox tools designed with modularity in mind. Plus, Zeeve makes it a breeze to add 3rd party integration in your rollup chains, like off-chain DA layers, decentralized sequencer, block explorers, faucets, and data indexers, all through our Rollups-as-a-service (RaaS). And all this comes with a rock-solid 99.9% uptime promise and top-notch Enterprise SLA.

Got more questions about picking the best ZK scaling solution for your dApp? Our experts are here to help. Book a chat with us today and see how Zeeve can make launching your zkRollup a smooth process.